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31.
Glenn T. Crossin Scott G. Hinch Steven J. Cooke David W. Welch Sonia D. Batten David A. Patterson Glen Van Der Kraak J. Mark Shrimpton Anthony P. Farrell 《Marine Biology》2007,152(4):905-918
Adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka, N = 179) from six Fraser River populations (British Columbia) were intercepted in continental shelf waters ∼215 km from the
Fraser River mouth, gastrically implanted with acoustic transmitters, non-lethally biopsied for blood biochemistry, gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity and somatic energy density and then released. Migration behaviour and travel times to the river mouth and
into the river were monitored by underwater telemetry receivers positioned at the river mouth and in the river. Post-release
survival of salmon was excellent, with 84% (N = 150) of fish reaching the furthest receiving station ∼85 km upriver. Fish from Late-summer run populations (Adams and Weaver
Creek) averaged a migration rate of ∼20 km day−1 through the marine area and held at the river mouth and adjacent areas for 7–9 days before entering the river. Summer-run
populations (Birkenhead, Chilko, Horsefly and Stellako) had a migration rate ∼33 km day−1 and held for only 1–3 days. Once in river, similar patterns were observed: Late-run populations migrated at ∼28 km day−1 and Summer-run populations at ∼40 km day−1. From point of release to the river mouth, males migrated faster than females, but once in river migration rates did not
differ between sexes. Among all females, a correlation was discovered between levels of circulating testosterone and river
entry timing. This correlation was not observed among males. Plasma K+, Cl−, glucose, lactate and osmolality were also correlated with entry timing in both sexes. 相似文献
32.
Lowenthal DH Kumar N Hand J Day D Kreidenweis S Collett J Lee T Ashbaugh L 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2003,53(10):1273-1279
The hygroscopic properties of the organic fraction of aerosols are poorly understood. The ability of organic aerosols to absorb water as a function of relative humidity (RH) was examined using data collected during the 1999 Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational Study (BRAVO). (On average, organics accounted for 22% of fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microm (PM2.5) mass). Hourly RH exceeded 80% only 3.5% of the time and averaged 44%. BRAVO aerosol chemical composition and dry particle size distributions were used to estimate PM2.5 light scattering (Bsp) at low and high ambient RH. Liquid water growth associated with inorganic species was sufficient to account for measured Bsp for RH between 70 and 95%. 相似文献
33.
The aerobic visible-light-photosensitised irradiation of methanolic solutions of either of the phenolic-type contaminants model compounds (ArOH) p-phenylphenol (PP), p-nitrophenol (NP) and phenol (Ph), and for two additional phenolic derivatives, namely p-chlorophenol (ClP) and p-methoxyphenol (MeOP), used in some experiments, was carried out. Employing the natural pigment riboflavin (Rf) as a sensitiser, the degradation of both the ArOH and the very sensitiser was observed. A complex mechanism, common for all the ArOH studied, operates. It involves superoxide radical anion (O2√−) and singlet molecular oxygen (O2(1Δg)) reactions. Maintaining Rf in sensitising concentrations levels (≈0.02 mM), the mechanism is highly dependent on the concentration of the ArOH. Kinetic experiments of oxygen and substrate consumption, static fluorescence, laser flash photolysis and time-resolved phosophorescence detection of O2(1Δg) demonstrate that at ArOH concentrations in the order of 10 mM, no chemical transformation occurs due to the complete quenching of Rf singlet excited state. When ArOH is present in concentrations in the order of mM or lower, O2√− is generated from the corresponding Rf radical anion, which is produced by electron transfer reaction from the ArOH to triplet excited Rf. The determined reaction rate constants for this step show a fairly good correlation with the electron-donor capabilities for Ph, PP, NP, ClP and MeOP. In this context, the main oxidative species is O2√−, since O2(1Δg) is quenched in an exclusive physical fashion by the ArOH. The production of O2√− regenerates Rf impeding the total degradation of the sensitiser. This kinetic scheme could partially model the fate of ArOH in aquatic media containing natural photosensitisers, under environmental conditions. 相似文献
34.
Significance of platinum group metals emitted from automobile exhaust gas converters for the biosphere 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Intention, Goal, Scope, Background Following the introduction of automobile catalytic converters the platinum group metals (PGM) platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd)
and rhodium (Rh) gain on increasing interest in environmental research as these metals are emitted with exhaust fumes into
the environment. Consequently, elevated PGM levels were found in different environmental matrices uch as road dusts, soils
along heavily frequented roads, sediments of urban rivers etc. Accordingly, the effects of increasing PGM emissions on the
biosphere are controversially discussed.
Objective This paper summarizes the present knowledge on the biological availability of PGM to plants and animals. As biological availability
is one of the most decisive factors determining the toxicologi-cal potential of xenobiotics, this information is very important
to evaluate the possible threat of the noble metals to ecosystems.
Results and Discussion The availability of soluble as well as particle bound PGM to terrestrial plants was demonstrated in several studies. Experimental
investigations revealed uptake of Pt, Pd and Rh also by aquatic plants. Additionally, the biological availability of the noble
metals for animals has been verified in experimental studies using soluble metal salts, catalytic converter model substances,
sediments of urban rivers, road dust or tunnel dust as metal sources. These studies refer mainly to aquatic animals. Beside
of free living organisms, in particular worms parasitizing fish demonstrated a high potential to accumulate PGM. This could
be of great interest in respect of biomonitoring purposes. Generally, for plants as well as for animals Pd turns out to be
the best available metal among the PGM. Compared to other heavy metals, the biological availability of PGM from road dust
to zebra mussels(Dreissena polymorpha) ranged between that of Cd and Pb.
Conclusion Especially chronic effects of PGM on the biosphere can not be excluded due to (1) their cumulative increase in the environment,
(2) their unexpected high biological availability and bioaccumulation and (3) their unknown toxicological and ecotoxicological
potential. However, it appears that acute effects on ecosystems due to anthropogenic PGM emission are not likely.
Recommendation and Outlook Research on environmental PGM contamination of the biosphere, especially the fauna, and on long-term toxiciry of low PGM concentrations
is highly appreciated. These studies require very sensitive analytical techniques to determine PGM even in low sample amounts.
Research has to be done in particular on reliable determination of (ultra) trace levels of Pd and Rh as the lack of data on
these two metals is mainly due to analytical problems. 相似文献
35.
Bortagaray Viviana Girardi Viviane Pou Sonia Lizasoain Andrés Tort Luis Fernando López Spilki Fernando R. Colina Rodney Victoria Matias 《Food and environmental virology》2020,12(2):89-98
Food and Environmental Virology - The aim of this study was to detect, quantify, and assess the risk of infection and illness for Group A Rotavirus (RVA) in the watersheds of the Santa Lucia and... 相似文献
36.
Sonia Binte Murshed Md. Rezaur Rahman Jagath J. Kaluarachchi 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2019,55(4):800-823
The Ganges Delta in Bangladesh is an example of water‐related catastrophes in a major rural river basin where limitations in quantity, quality, and timing of available water are producing disastrous conditions. Water availability limitations are modifying the hydrologic characteristics especially when water allocation is controlled from the upstream Farakka Barrage. This study presents the changes and consequences in the hydrologic regime due to climate‐ and human‐induced stresses. Flow duration curves (FDCs), rainfall elasticity, and temperature sensitivity were used to assess the pre‐ and post‐barrage water flow patterns. Hydrologic and climate indices were computed to provide insight on hydro‐climatic variability and trend. Significant increases in temperature, evapotranspiration, hot days, heating, and cooling degree days indicate the region is heading toward a warmer climate. Moreover, increase in high‐intensity rainfall of short duration is making the region prone to extreme floods. FDCs depict a large reduction in river flows between pre‐ and post‐barrage periods, resulting in lower water storage capacity. The reduction in freshwater flow increased the extent and intensity of salinity intrusion. This freshwater scarcity is reducing livelihood options considerably and indirectly forcing population migration from the delta region. Understanding the causes and directions of hydrologic changes is essential to formulate improve water resources management in the region. 相似文献
37.
Mariana Valdez-Castillo Sonia Arriaga 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2021,15(3):43
38.
Bushra Khali Ayesha Khali Sidra Muslim Ammara Habi Kishwar Khan Debora Souza Alvim Sehrish Shakoor Sonia Mustaf Sana Zaheer Momel Zoon Azmat Hayat Khan Sana Ilyas Bin Chen 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2021,33(1):28-39
This study finds out seasonal and monthly variations in Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) over eastern and western routes of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and the relationship between AOD and meteorological parameters (i.e., temperature, rainfall and wind speed). The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) data was used from the terra satellite for the period of 2000-2016. This study aims to overtake the conventional view of the purpose of using the satellite datasets. This study takes on to the concept that validated satellite data sets rather should be used for the analysis instead of just validation specifically for our study region. Hence, after comparing MODIS AOD with MISR AOD, only MISR AOD dataset is used for further analysis. The results show a decreasing trend of AOD in summer season, a positive relationship between temperature and AOD during winter and spring seasons whereas a positive relationship between wind speed and AOD in winter and spring seasons over eastern and western routes. Periodic analysis of MODIS AOD and MISR AOD depicts May-Aug as the peak period of aerosol concentration over central Pakistan. The inter-annual analysis shows the aerosol trend remained higher during summer season however rainfall shows the washout effect. Eastern route has higher standard deviation and larger values for aerosol prevalence as compared to western route. The trajectory analysis using the HYSPLIT model suggests the bias of air mass trajectory caused deviation in the aerosol trend in the year 2014. 相似文献
39.
Abbass Kashif Qasim Muhammad Zeeshan Song Huaming Murshed Muntasir Mahmood Haider Younis Ijaz 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(28):42539-42559
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Climate change is a long-lasting change in the weather arrays across tropics to polls. It is a global threat that has embarked on to put stress on... 相似文献
40.
Murshed Muntasir Rashid Seemran Ulucak Recep Dagar Vishal Rehman Abdul Alvarado Rafael Nathaniel Solomon Prince 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(12):16939-16958
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The energy sector of Argentina is predominantly reliant on fossil fuels. Consequently, such fossil fuel dependency within the nation’s power... 相似文献